Dashain Homework

Definitions:-

1). Programs :- A set of programs written in a computer language to perform a specific task is called program.

2). Programming :- A technique to create a program including different steps in an organized way is called programming.

3). Programmers :- A person who is involved to prepare a computer program is called programmers.

4). System Programmers :- The person who makes programs to boot the computer, to control hardware components, etc is called System Programmers.

5). Application Programmers :- The programmers which are used to design application programs to fulfill a specific task are called Application Programmers.

6).Programming Language :- The primary interface of a programmer with a computer is called programming language.

7). Machine Language :- The language which is written in combination of 0 and 1 is called Machine Language.

8). Assembly Language :- The language which provides mnemonic codes for each machine instruction, which makes it easy for the programmer to remember or write the instructions is called Assembly Language.

9). Compiler :- A system software that translates a program written in a high level language to machine level language at once is called Compiler.

10). Interpreter :- A system software that converts and executes a program written in high level language to machine level language statement by statement is called Interpreter.

11).Assembler :- A system software that translates the assembly language program into its corresponding machine language code is called Assembler.

12). Fourth Generation Language :- The programming languages which are design to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development is called Fourth Generation Language.

13). What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of machine language ?

= The advantages of machine language are:

•  Machine language is only a language directly understood by computer.So, the program written in a machine language does not need to be converted.
•  A program developed using a machine language becomes extremely fast since no conversion is required.

The disadvantages of machine language are:

•  Programming using a machine language is a long list of instructions, which is difficult to write and remember. Since, all the data and instructions must be written in combination of 0 & 1, it is almost impossible to remember instructions.
•  A machine language is machine dependent. It means programming codes written for one types of machine are not applicable to another type of machine, Machine codes depend upon the architecture of a computer.
• Since the computer language depends upon the architecture of a computer, programmers must have knowledge of hardware.
•  It is time-consuming and tedious task to modify the program written in a machine language.

14). What are the advantages and disadvantages of assembly language?

=The advantages of assembly language are:

• Since assembly language use symbols and mnemonic codes, it is easy understand, write and modify programs written in the assembly language compared to the machine language.
• Since assembly language use mnemonic codes for each instruction, it is easy to find our errors in the programs written with assembly language.assembly language also provides better environment to locate and correct errors in comparison with the machine language.
• The program written in the assembly language executes faster than similar program written in the high-level language because the assembly language is closer to the machine.

The disadvantages of assembly language are:

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• The assembly language is also a machine dependent language. The program written for one type of computer has to be modified to use in another type of computer.
• The program written in the assembly language is less efficient than the program written in the machine language because every code  of assembly needs to be converted to the machine language. Therefore, the assembly program takes more time to execute than  the machine codes program.
• Since assembly language is machine dependent,  the programmer must have knowledge of hardware.

15). What are the advantages and disadvantages of High-level language?

=The advantage of high level language are:

• Since high-level language are closer to English language, they are easy to learn and use.
• High-level language are machine independent. A programmer of high -level language does not need to have knowledge of machine architecture. So, it is easy to write and modify programs written in high-level languages.
• Since they are machine independent, a program written in a high-level language for one type of machine can be used in another type with the simple modifications or with no modifications at all.
• Although a high-level program may not be as efficient as a low-level program, it is faster to write programs in the high-level language.
• Since a high-level language use common English words, it is easy to do documentation of high-level programs.

The disadvantages of high-level language are:

• Programs written in the high-level language must need language processors (compiler or interpreter) to convert the program codes to the machine language.
• High-level programs are to be converted to machine codes. So, it takes more time to execute in computer the compared with the program written with assembly language and machine language.
• Since the high-level language is far from machine, sometimes, programs written in the high-level language cannot completely control hardware. So, critical programs must be written in low-level languages.